Which Of The Following Does Not Occur During M-phase In Animal Cells?

Cells continuously undergo cell division through which daughters cells ascend which mature and also produce their ain daughter cells and the cycle continues. The events of the cell cycle involve prison cell growth and cell partitioning, of which the interphase defines the phase of cell growth where several metabolic reactions have place. The interphase is the training phase for mitosis and it is also the longest phase in the cell bicycle. The interphase takes place in the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.

Effigy: The Stages of Interphase and the Cell Cycle. Prototype Source: OpenStax (Rice University).

• Interphase stages: What happens during the interphase?
  • Gap 1 (G1)
  • Synthesis, South phase
  • Gap ii (G2)
• Decision-making the interphase
• Interphase and the cell cycle
• Interphase in different cells
  • Interphase video animation (Khan University)
• References and Sources

Interphase stages: What happens during the interphase?

• Gap 1 (G1)
• Synthesis (South), and
• Gap 2 (G2).

G1 and G2 phase represents the time of growth and preparation for mitosis.

The synthesis (S) stage is the phase of cell copying or cell duplication of its Dna of its entire genome.

Gap ane (G1)

• This is the phase in which the jail cell undergoes normal growth and cell function synthesizing high amounts of proteins.
• The cell increases in size and volume every bit more than jail cell organelles are produced.
• The prison cell tin can only movement to the adjacent stage, Southward afterward synthesizing enough ribosomes.
• As the phase is almost done, the mitochondria of the cell fuse into a network of mitochondria for effective energy production for cell processes.
• If the cell can not split up again, it enters the K_0^.

Synthesis, S phase

• This is the phase when the cell synthesizes and doubles its Deoxyribonucleic acid.
• During doubling, the number of chromosomes remains constant, a process is known every bit semiconservative replication.
• Additionally, new packaged proteins known as histones, wrap effectually the DNA copies to make it stable.
• During the Southward stage, more phospholipids are produced which make upwardly the cell membrane and the membranes of the jail cell organelles.

Gap 2 (G2)

• During this stage, the cell continues its growth phase as it prepares for cell sectionalization.
• Mitochondria will divide and continue to grow until the showtime of mitosis.
• Likewise, the plant chloroplast as well divides in this phase.

Decision-making the interphase

• At the end of Gap ane (G1), the cell is controlled by a checkpoint known equally the G1/S whereby, the cell is scrutinized on whether to undergo replication or not. It is at this checkpoint that DNA damages or errors are checked to ensure that jail cell sectionalisation thrives.
• During checking, various proteins collaborate with the DNA a mechanism known as molecular switching.
• The molecular switch is an on and off process and it continues through the South phase which allows the damaged cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed jail cell death).
• At the G2 stage again, a 2d checkpoint takes place after the synthesis of Dna in the S phase.
• The 2nd checkpoint uses kinase enzymes which control various stages in cell division cycles.
• A typical example of a kinase enzyme in jail cell division is the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK) which uses cell signals to switch cell mechanisms especially when a genetic mutation is detected.
• The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase is activated by regulatory protein complexes (tumor suppressors) that control jail cell growth and induce apoptotic mechanisms of errored cells.
• In the case of a genetic mutation in the regulatory proteins at the checkpoint, a permanent molecular switch is turned on leading to uncontrolled cell multiplication which may lead to carcinogenesis or development of tumors.
• Additionally, in instance the cell misses on the second checkpoint, cancer cells may develop for case neoplasia develops due to unchecked jail cell division.

Interphase and the cell cycle

• The interphase prepares the cell for the subsequent phases in prison cell division such every bit mitosis and cytokinesis.
• Since interphase is a preparation phase for the cell division processes, information technology enables the cell to grow, synthesizing organelles that permit the cell to office adequately ones information technology matures.
• The stages of the interphase fix the prison cell for mitosis by meeting the external and internal atmospheric condition for cell mechanisms.
• Later on the G2 phase, the cell proceeds to prophase or pre-prophase in plants.
• Prophase is the initiating phase of mitotic prison cell segmentation.
• Note that, some cells undergo G0, a phase into the G1 stage of cell division, which does not allow cell partitioning.
• Some cells which exercise non undergo cell division remain in the G0 permanently

Interphase in unlike cells

• Different cells may have varying interphase processing mechanisms.
• A typical eukaryotic cell undergoes the subsequent stages of the interphase i.e. G1, S, and G2. Cells that undergo cell division spend approximately 95% of their time in the interphase.
• Cells that do not undergo cell segmentation (have no Dna replication) are permanently on the interphase stage such equally the neuron cells while cells that are actively dividing such equally skin cells which are continuously dividing, must enter the interphase where they accrue all the necessary organelles while actively replicating during the interphase.
• Cancer cells develop due to errors that occur during the 2d checkpoint, G2.
• A mutation that defects the functioning of regulatory proteins which are responsible for activating the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase enzymes, leads to permanent molecular switching, which causes uncontrolled cell division leading to carcinogenesis or tumor development.
• Bacterial cells practise not accept the interphase stage of cell partitioning because the mechanism of cell partitioning is meiosis whereby the interphase is rather a special phase known equally interkinesis, and there is not Deoxyribonucleic acid replication occurring.

Interphase video animation (Khan University)

References and Sources

1. Microbiology by Prescott, 5th Edition
2. https://www.expii.com/t/what-is-interphase-overview-diagrams-10154
3. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Volume%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Cell_Reproduction/10.2%3A_The_Cell_Cycle/10.2B%3A_The_Mitotic_Phase_and_the_G0_Phase
4. Biology Dictionary/interphase
5. Teach me Physiology/ The Cell Cycle
6. https://sciencing.com/listing-iii-steps-occur-during-interphase-17577.html
7. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-i-jail cell-biology/16-cell-division/interphase.html
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphase#:~:text=Interphase%20is%20the%20portion%20of,prepares%20for%20mitosis%twenty(G2).
9. https://www.gwisd.the states/vimages/shared/vnews/stories/4ebbe99bda63a/Mitosis%20and%20Cell%20Division%20Text.pdf
10. https://www.cyclacel.com/research_science_cell-wheel.shtml

Source: https://thebiologynotes.com/interphase/

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